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A Low-mass Cold and Quiescent Core Population in a Massive Star Protocluster

Identificadores del recurso

The Astrophysical Journal Letters 912(1): L24(2021)

2041-8205

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/abf64f

http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12666/529

10.3847/2041-8213/abf64f

2041-8213

http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809

http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781

http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033

Procedencia

(Digital.INTA - Repositorio institucional del INTA)

Ficha

Título:: A Low-mass Cold and Quiescent Core Population in a Massive Star Protocluster
Tema:: Infrared dark clouds; Early type stars; Star forming regions; Star formation; Interstellar medium; Interstellar line emission; Protoclusters
Descripción:: Facilities: ALMA - Atacama Large Millimeter Array, JVLA - , Herschel. - Software: CASA (McMullin et al. 2007), APLpy (Robitaille & Bressert 2012), Astropy (Astropy Collaborationet al. 2013), Matplotlib (Hunter 2007), PySpecKit (Ginsburg & Mirocha 2011).; Pre-stellar cores represent the initial conditions of star formation. Although these initial conditions in nearby low-mass star-forming regions have been investigated in detail, such initial conditions remain vastly unexplored for massive star-forming regions. We report the detection of a cluster of low-mass starless and pre-stellar core candidates in a massive star protocluster-forming cloud, NGC 6334S. With the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations at a ∼0.02 pc spatial resolution, we identified 17 low-mass starless core candidates that do not show any evidence of protostellar activity. These candidates present small velocity dispersions, high fractional abundances of NH2D, high NH3 deuterium fractionations, and are completely dark in the infrared wavelengths from 3.6 up to 70 μm. Turbulence is significantly dissipated and the gas kinematics are dominated by thermal motions toward these candidates. Nine out of the 17 cores are gravitationally bound, and therefore are identified as pre-stellar core candidates. The embedded cores of NGC 6334S show a wide diversity in masses and evolutionary stages.; We thank the anonymous referee for constructive comments that helped improve this Letter. This work was partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, grant Nos. 11988101, 11911530226). C.W.L. is supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF2019R1A2C1010851). H.B. acknowledges support from the European Research Council under the European Community's Horizon 2020 framework program (2014-2020) via the ERC Consolidator Grant From Cloud to Star Formation (CSF) (project number 648505). H.B. also acknowledges funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) via the Collaborative Research Center (SFB 881) The Milky Way System (subproject B1). I.J.-S. has received partial support from the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI; project number PID2019-105552RB-C41). K.Q. is partially supported by National Key R&D Program of China No. 2017YFA0402600, and acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) grant U1731237. A.P. acknowledges financial support from the UNAM-PAPIIT IN111421 grant, the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores of CONACyT, and from the CONACyT project number 86372 of the Ciencia de Frontera 2019 program, entitled Citlalcoatl: A multiscale study at the new frontier of the formation and early evolution of stars and planetary systems, Mexico. J.M.G. acknowledges the support of the grant AYA2017-84390-C2-R (AEI/FEDER, EU). K.W. acknowledges support by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0402702, 2019YFA0405100), the National Science Foundation of China (11973013, 11721303), NSFC grant 11629302, and the starting grant at the Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University (7101502287). H.B.L. is supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) of Taiwan (grant Nos. 108-2112-M-001-002-MY3). This Letter makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.00951.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ.; Peerreview
Idioma:: English
Relación:: info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PID2019-105552RB-C41/ES/CONTRIBUCION DEL CAB A SPICA, DESARROLLO DE INSTRUMENTACION CRIOGENICA Y EXPLOTACION CIENTIFICA MULTILONGITUD DE ONDA/; info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/AYA2017-84390-C2-2-R/ES/JETS ESTELARES, DISCOS Y CAMPOS MAGNETICOS. CIENCIA PARA EL SKA Y CONTRIBUCION AL DISEÑO DE PHASED ARRAY FEEDS/; info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/648505
Autor/Productor:: Li, S.; Lu, X.; Zhang, Q.; Lee, C. W.; Sanhueza, P.; Beuther, H.; Jiménez Serra, I.; Qiu, K.; Palau, A.; Feng, S.; Pillai, T.; Kim, K. T.; Liu, H. L.; Girart, J. M.; Liu, T.; Wang, K.; Liu, H. B.; Li, D.; Lee, J. E.; Li, F.; Li, J.; Kim, S.; Yue, N.
Editor:: IOP Science Publishing
Otros colaboradores/productores:: Li, S. [0000-0003-1275-5251]; Lu, X. [0000-0003-2619-9305]; Zhang, Q. [0000-0003-2384-6589]; Lee, C. W. [0000-0002-3179-6334]; Sanhueza, P. [0000-0002-7125-7685]; Beuther, H. [0000-0002-1700-090X]; Jiménez Serra, I. [0000-0003-4493-8714]; Qiu, K. [0000-0002-5093-5088]; Palau, A. [0000-0002-9569-9234]; Feng, S. [0000-0002-4707-8409]; Pillai, T. [0000-0003-2133-4862]; Kim, K. T. [0000-0003-2412-7092]; Liu, H. L. [0000-0003-3343-9645]; Girart, J. M. [0000-0002-3829-5591]; Liu, T. [0000-0002-5286-2564]; Wang, J. [0000-0001-6106-1171]; Wang, K. [0000-0002-7237-3856]; Liu, H. B. [0000-0003-2300-2626]; Li, D. [0000-0003-3010-7661]; Lee, J. E. [0000-0003-3119-2087]; Li, F. [0000-0002-9832-8295]; Li, J. [0000-0003-3520-6191]; Kim, S. [0000-0001-9333-5608]; Yue, N. [0000-0003-0355-6875]; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); European Research Council (ERC); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)
Derechos:: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International; Published 2021 April 29 • © 2021. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Fecha:: 2022-02-11T12:33:53Z; 2021-04-29
Tipo de recurso:: info:eu-repo/semantics/article; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion; http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Formato:: application/pdf

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1. < dc:title > A Low-mass Cold and Quiescent Core Population in a Massive Star Protocluster </ dc:title >
2. < dc:creator > Li, S. </ dc:creator >
3. < dc:creator > Lu, X. </ dc:creator >
4. < dc:creator > Zhang, Q. </ dc:creator >
5. < dc:creator > Lee, C. W. </ dc:creator >
6. < dc:creator > Sanhueza, P. </ dc:creator >
7. < dc:creator > Beuther, H. </ dc:creator >
8. < dc:creator > Jiménez Serra, I. </ dc:creator >
9. < dc:creator > Qiu, K. </ dc:creator >
10. < dc:creator > Palau, A. </ dc:creator >
11. < dc:creator > Feng, S. </ dc:creator >
12. < dc:creator > Pillai, T. </ dc:creator >
13. < dc:creator > Kim, K. T. </ dc:creator >
14. < dc:creator > Liu, H. L. </ dc:creator >
15. < dc:creator > Girart, J. M. </ dc:creator >
16. < dc:creator > Liu, T. </ dc:creator >
17. < dc:creator > Wang, K. </ dc:creator >
18. < dc:creator > Liu, H. B. </ dc:creator >
19. < dc:creator > Li, D. </ dc:creator >
20. < dc:creator > Lee, J. E. </ dc:creator >
21. < dc:creator > Li, F. </ dc:creator >
22. < dc:creator > Li, J. </ dc:creator >
23. < dc:creator > Kim, S. </ dc:creator >
24. < dc:creator > Yue, N. </ dc:creator >
25. < dc:contributor > Li, S. [0000-0003-1275-5251] </ dc:contributor >
26. < dc:contributor > Lu, X. [0000-0003-2619-9305] </ dc:contributor >
27. < dc:contributor > Zhang, Q. [0000-0003-2384-6589] </ dc:contributor >
28. < dc:contributor > Lee, C. W. [0000-0002-3179-6334] </ dc:contributor >
29. < dc:contributor > Sanhueza, P. [0000-0002-7125-7685] </ dc:contributor >
30. < dc:contributor > Beuther, H. [0000-0002-1700-090X] </ dc:contributor >
31. < dc:contributor > Jiménez Serra, I. [0000-0003-4493-8714] </ dc:contributor >
32. < dc:contributor > Qiu, K. [0000-0002-5093-5088] </ dc:contributor >
33. < dc:contributor > Palau, A. [0000-0002-9569-9234] </ dc:contributor >
34. < dc:contributor > Feng, S. [0000-0002-4707-8409] </ dc:contributor >
35. < dc:contributor > Pillai, T. [0000-0003-2133-4862] </ dc:contributor >
36. < dc:contributor > Kim, K. T. [0000-0003-2412-7092] </ dc:contributor >
37. < dc:contributor > Liu, H. L. [0000-0003-3343-9645] </ dc:contributor >
38. < dc:contributor > Girart, J. M. [0000-0002-3829-5591] </ dc:contributor >
39. < dc:contributor > Liu, T. [0000-0002-5286-2564] </ dc:contributor >
40. < dc:contributor > Wang, J. [0000-0001-6106-1171] </ dc:contributor >
41. < dc:contributor > Wang, K. [0000-0002-7237-3856] </ dc:contributor >
42. < dc:contributor > Liu, H. B. [0000-0003-2300-2626] </ dc:contributor >
43. < dc:contributor > Li, D. [0000-0003-3010-7661] </ dc:contributor >
44. < dc:contributor > Lee, J. E. [0000-0003-3119-2087] </ dc:contributor >
45. < dc:contributor > Li, F. [0000-0002-9832-8295] </ dc:contributor >
46. < dc:contributor > Li, J. [0000-0003-3520-6191] </ dc:contributor >
47. < dc:contributor > Kim, S. [0000-0001-9333-5608] </ dc:contributor >
48. < dc:contributor > Yue, N. [0000-0003-0355-6875] </ dc:contributor >
49. < dc:contributor > National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) </ dc:contributor >
50. < dc:contributor > National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) </ dc:contributor >
51. < dc:contributor > European Research Council (ERC) </ dc:contributor >
52. < dc:contributor > Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) </ dc:contributor >
53. < dc:contributor > Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) </ dc:contributor >
54. < dc:subject > Infrared dark clouds </ dc:subject >
55. < dc:subject > Early type stars </ dc:subject >
56. < dc:subject > Star forming regions </ dc:subject >
57. < dc:subject > Star formation </ dc:subject >
58. < dc:subject > Interstellar medium </ dc:subject >
59. < dc:subject > Interstellar line emission </ dc:subject >
60. < dc:subject > Protoclusters </ dc:subject >
61. < dc:description > Facilities: ALMA - Atacama Large Millimeter Array, JVLA - , Herschel. - Software: CASA (McMullin et al. 2007), APLpy (Robitaille & Bressert 2012), Astropy (Astropy Collaborationet al. 2013), Matplotlib (Hunter 2007), PySpecKit (Ginsburg & Mirocha 2011). </ dc:description >
62. < dc:description > Pre-stellar cores represent the initial conditions of star formation. Although these initial conditions in nearby low-mass star-forming regions have been investigated in detail, such initial conditions remain vastly unexplored for massive star-forming regions. We report the detection of a cluster of low-mass starless and pre-stellar core candidates in a massive star protocluster-forming cloud, NGC 6334S. With the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations at a ∼0.02 pc spatial resolution, we identified 17 low-mass starless core candidates that do not show any evidence of protostellar activity. These candidates present small velocity dispersions, high fractional abundances of NH2D, high NH3 deuterium fractionations, and are completely dark in the infrared wavelengths from 3.6 up to 70 μm. Turbulence is significantly dissipated and the gas kinematics are dominated by thermal motions toward these candidates. Nine out of the 17 cores are gravitationally bound, and therefore are identified as pre-stellar core candidates. The embedded cores of NGC 6334S show a wide diversity in masses and evolutionary stages. </ dc:description >
63. < dc:description > We thank the anonymous referee for constructive comments that helped improve this Letter. This work was partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, grant Nos. 11988101, 11911530226). C.W.L. is supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF2019R1A2C1010851). H.B. acknowledges support from the European Research Council under the European Community's Horizon 2020 framework program (2014-2020) via the ERC Consolidator Grant From Cloud to Star Formation (CSF) (project number 648505). H.B. also acknowledges funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) via the Collaborative Research Center (SFB 881) The Milky Way System (subproject B1). I.J.-S. has received partial support from the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI; project number PID2019-105552RB-C41). K.Q. is partially supported by National Key R&D Program of China No. 2017YFA0402600, and acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) grant U1731237. A.P. acknowledges financial support from the UNAM-PAPIIT IN111421 grant, the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores of CONACyT, and from the CONACyT project number 86372 of the Ciencia de Frontera 2019 program, entitled Citlalcoatl: A multiscale study at the new frontier of the formation and early evolution of stars and planetary systems, Mexico. J.M.G. acknowledges the support of the grant AYA2017-84390-C2-R (AEI/FEDER, EU). K.W. acknowledges support by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0402702, 2019YFA0405100), the National Science Foundation of China (11973013, 11721303), NSFC grant 11629302, and the starting grant at the Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University (7101502287). H.B.L. is supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) of Taiwan (grant Nos. 108-2112-M-001-002-MY3). This Letter makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.00951.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. </ dc:description >
64. < dc:description > Peerreview </ dc:description >
65. < dc:date > 2022-02-11T12:33:53Z </ dc:date >
66. < dc:date > 2022-02-11T12:33:53Z </ dc:date >
67. < dc:date > 2021-04-29 </ dc:date >
68. < dc:type > info:eu-repo/semantics/article </ dc:type >
69. < dc:type > info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion </ dc:type >
70. < dc:type > http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 </ dc:type >
71. < dc:identifier > The Astrophysical Journal Letters 912(1): L24(2021) </ dc:identifier >
72. < dc:identifier > 2041-8205 </ dc:identifier >
73. < dc:identifier > https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/abf64f </ dc:identifier >
74. < dc:identifier > http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12666/529 </ dc:identifier >
75. < dc:identifier > 10.3847/2041-8213/abf64f </ dc:identifier >
76. < dc:identifier > 2041-8213 </ dc:identifier >
77. < dc:identifier > http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809 </ dc:identifier >
78. < dc:identifier > http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781 </ dc:identifier >
79. < dc:identifier > http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659 </ dc:identifier >
80. < dc:identifier > http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 </ dc:identifier >
81. < dc:language > eng </ dc:language >
82. < dc:relation > info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PID2019-105552RB-C41/ES/CONTRIBUCION DEL CAB A SPICA, DESARROLLO DE INSTRUMENTACION CRIOGENICA Y EXPLOTACION CIENTIFICA MULTILONGITUD DE ONDA/ </ dc:relation >
83. < dc:relation > info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/AYA2017-84390-C2-2-R/ES/JETS ESTELARES, DISCOS Y CAMPOS MAGNETICOS. CIENCIA PARA EL SKA Y CONTRIBUCION AL DISEÑO DE PHASED ARRAY FEEDS/ </ dc:relation >
84. < dc:relation > info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/648505 </ dc:relation >
85. < dc:rights > Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International </ dc:rights >
86. < dc:rights > Published 2021 April 29 • © 2021. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. </ dc:rights >
87. < dc:rights > https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ </ dc:rights >
88. < dc:rights > info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess </ dc:rights >
89. < dc:format > application/pdf </ dc:format >
90. < dc:publisher > IOP Science Publishing </ dc:publisher >
</ oai_dc:dc >